ABUJA NATIONAL MOSQUE

LOCATION:  ABUJA, NIGERIA 

Tradition and Innovation

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the current international practice of diplomacy. Armed with over 30 years of experience in the German Foreign Service, the author explains the workings of the different actors on the diplomatic stage. The book provides a detailed coverage of various diplomatic agencies as well as the functions of diplomats and consuls, explaining the methods and protocols of the art of diplomacy. It will serve as a good reference source for students and scholars of diplomacy, diplomats in foreign ministries and diplomatic and consular missions.



Contents:

• The Permanence of Diplomacy
• The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Foreign Services
• The Functions of Resident Diplomats
• Interfering and Unwelcome Diplomats
• Diplomatic Relations
• The Members of Diplomatic Missions
• Diplomatic Missions: Their Premises
• Diplomatic Asylum
• An Embassy's Lifelines
• Special Missions
• Inside an Embassy
• Consular Functions
• Counsular Posts
• Multilateral Conferences
• International Organizations and Diplomacy
• Permanent Missions and Their Members
• International Secretariats and Officials
• External Missions of International Governmental Organizations
• International Treaties and Diplomacy
• Diplomatic Methods

Readership: Undergraduate and graduate students of international relations; members of diplomatic missions, consulates and foreign ministries; general readers interested in how diplomacy works.

All the 15 finches of Darwin

Species

• Genus Geospiza 
  • Large Cactus Finch (Geospiza conirostris)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  • Sharp-beaked Groung Finch (Geospiza difficilis)
    • Vampire Finch (Geospiza difficilis septentrionalis)
    
    
    
    
    
    
  • Medium Ground Finch (Geospiza fortis)
  • Small Ground Finch (Geospiza fuliginosa)
  • Large Ground Finch (Geospiza magnirostris)
    • Darwin's Large Ground Finch (Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris) – possibly extinct (1957?)
  • Common Cactus Finch (Geospiza scandens)
• Genus Camarhynchus
  • Large Tree Finch (Camarhynchus psittacula)
  • Medium Tree Finch (Camarhynchus pauper)
  • Small Tree Finch (Camarhynchus parvulus)
  • Woodpecker Finch  (Camarhynchus pallidus) – sometimes separated in Cactospiza
  • Mangrove Finch (Camarhynchus heliobates)
• Genus certhidea
  • Green Warbler Finch (Certhidea olivacea)
  • Grey Warbler Finch (Certhidea fusca)
• Genus Pinaroloxias
  • Cocos Finch (Pinaroloxias inornata)
• Genus Platyspiza
  • Vegetarian Finch (Platyspiza crassirostris)

Darwin's finches

Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos finches) are a group of about fifteen species o passerine birds.They often are classified as the subfamily Geospizinae or tribe Geospizini. It is still not clear which bird family they belong to, but they are not related to the true finches. They were first collected by Charles Darwin on the Galapagos Island during the second voyage of the Beagle. All are found only on the Galápagos Islands, except the Cocos Finch from Cocos island.
The term Darwin's Finches was first applied by Percy Lowe in 1936, and popularised in 1947 by David Lack in his book Darwin's Finches. The birds vary in size from 10 to 20 cm and weigh between 8 and 38 grams. The smallest are the warbler finches and the largest is the Vegetarian finch. The most important differences between species are in the size and shape of their beaks, and the beaks are highly adapted to different food sources. The birds are all dull-coloured.

Copernicus, Galileo, and the Church: Science in a Religious World

During most of the 16th and 17th centuries, fear of heretics spreading teachings and opinions that contradicted the Bible dominated the Catholic Church. They persecuted scientists who formed theories the Church deemed heretical and forbade people from reading any books on those subjects by placing the books on the Index of Prohibited Books. A type of war between science and religion was in play but there would be more casualties on the side of science. Nicholas Copernicus and Galileo Galilei were two scientists who printed books that later became banned. Copernicus faced no persecution when he was alive because he died shortly after publishing his book. Galileo, on the other hand, was tried by the Inquisition after his book was published. Both scientists held the same theory that the Earth revolved around the sun, a theory now known to be true. However, the Church disapproved of this theory because the Holy Scriptures state that the Earth is at the center, not the Sun. As the contents of the Bible were taken literally, the publishing of these books proved, to the Church, that Copernicus and Galileo were sinners; they preached, through their writing, that the Bible was wrong.
Copernicus published his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (hereafter referred to simply as Revolutions) in 1543 shortly before his death.1.) In Revolutions, Copernicus states that the Sun is at the center and the Earth revolves around it while rotating on its axis daily.2.) Like all scholarly authors, Copernicus wrote in Latin, which only educated people could read, effectively minimizing the number of readers to a select few.3.) The phrasing Copernicus utilized was “that if the earth were in motion then the observed phenomenon would result.”4.) This phrasing is extremely important as it means the Copernicus himself could deny he believed it; he merely fashioned it in such a way that it was a hypothesis that would allow astronomers to correct mathematical errors they came across while observing the heavens. By writing in this fashion, Copernicus would have been able to deny that he himself believed in heliocentrism because he phrased it as nothing more than a hypothesis and as a result, would be able to slip past the Church's dislike of heliocentrism.
Copernicus' theories are not fully formed, meaning there are several flaws that make the heliocentric hypothesis appear weak and ill-contrived. According to Giovanni Tolsani in 1546, a member of the Dominican Order, “almost all the hypotheses of this author Copernicus contain something false”5.) and he “seems unfamiliar with Holy Scripture since he contradicts some of its principles.”6.) Revolutions was not placed on the Index of Prohibited Books until 1616, seventy-three years after it was first published.7.) A censored version with some sections changed or omitted was released four years after it was prohibited.8.) It is possible that Revolutions was not banned immediately because of its hypothetical nature and weak arguments. However, Tolsani also wrote, a papal authority “had planned to condemn his [Copernicus'] book. But, prevented at first by illness, then by death, he could not carry out this [plan].”9.) After his death, the Church was heavily involved in the Council of Trent during the years 1545 to 1563 and other matters10.) . Thus, Revolutions escaped prohibition for many years and eventually influenced Galileo Galilei, who read it and wrote on the subject himself.
In 1616, Galileo was issued an injunction not to “hold, defend, or teach” heliocentrism.11.) When he began writing Dialogues in 1624, he intended to present both arguments equally. However, he wrote the arbitrator in such a way that he decided the Copernican speaker had the most points that made logical sense, thus supporting Copernicanism throughout his book.12.)
When Galileo originally tried to print Dialogues in 1630, he was ordered to have it printed in Rome. However, he left Rome because of the outbreak of plague and communicated with the Master of the Sacred Palace, the chief censor, through writing. The Master of the Sacred Palace ordered Galileo to have someone the Master chose review the manuscript to ensure it was fit for publishing. Father Master Giancito Stefani was chosen to review the manuscript and the publisher followed all instructions from the Father Master.13.) Galileo said, during his trial in 1633, that he did not believe what he wrote, that he let his vanity influence his words and phrasing to make him appear more intelligent to his readers but this plan failed when his readers came to the conclusion that he believed the Copernican hypothesis to be true because of his powerful phrasing.14.)
Galileo wrote and published Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World, Ptolemaic and Copernican (Dialogues) in 1632; Pope Urban VIII issued an order almost immediately to prevent the publisher from printing more copies.15.) It was printed in Italian, not in Latin like Revolutions, so all of Italy was able to read it.16.) The original title had been Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea but it was changed so it would not appear that Galileo was pushing the fact that the tides supported his opinion and the new title also appeared more theoretical. Also, the title with the sea in it might have made the Church feel threatened that Galileo was supporting heliocentrism, which would have resulted in Galileo being charged with heresy. Dialogues was structured as several conversations between a supporter of Ptolemy, a Copernicus supporter, and a neutral arbitrator. The Copernican supporter spoke Galileo's mind and the Ptolemaic supporter was called Simplicio, simpleton in Italian.17.) Urban was infuriated when he read the book and saw that the phrase he required in order for the book to be published, about God's omnipotence, was said by Simplicio. In the Pope's mind, Galileo was making a caricature of him by having Simplicio say that phrase. Personal vanity is believed to have led the Pope to cry for a committee to be made to determine if Galileo should be tried by the Inquisition and to determine how the book was published and not censored.18.) Galileo also insulted people who did not believe in Copernicanism; a fact which did not escape the notice of Pope Urban VIII's advisory committee.19.) Because Galileo did not phrase his words as hypothetical, readers thought Galileo held the theory that the Earth revolved around the Sun.20.) The committee created by the Pope also came to the same conclusion: Galileo knew what he was doing and must be disciplined for it.
The committee created to charge Galileo determined that Galileo held heliocentrism as a matter of fact and violated the injunction issued to him.21.) With that decision, it was determined that Galileo would be tried by the Inquisition. The Inquisition did not need to decide if Galileo was innocent or guilty, they already knew he was guilty. The Inquisition wanted to determine what Galileo's intentions were. Galileo tried to delay going to Rome for the trial, most likely due to the Inquisition's infamous methods. He wrote to the Inquisitors and said he would be happy to answer questions by mail. He cited his failing health for his reluctance to take the 200 mile journey and had three doctors write to the Inquisition to say that he was unable to travel without risking his life. The Inquisition gave him a short amount of time to come to Rome or he would be jailed and brought when his health was better.22.) The entire trial lasted eight months, after which Galileo was sentenced by seven of the ten Inquisitors. The other three refused to sign for unknown reasons. His sentence was that Dialogues would be placed on the Index of Prohibited Books, Galileo could be arrested if the Inquisition decided so, he would have to publicly admit that he was wrong, and he would also have to perform religious penance for an extended amount of time. He was also placed under house arrest at the Embassy. He was allowed leniency because he admitted he violated the injunction but did not do so intentionally. Galileo was eventually allowed to return to his farm house to live out the remainder of his life. His book remained on the Index of Prohibited Books for many years after his death.23.)
The committee that Pope Urban VIII organized had told the Pope that Dialogues could be corrected and then allowed to be published if any useful knowledge could be gained from it. However, the Pope did not allow this, possibly due to his irritation over Simplicio.24.) The Pope did not even allow Galileo a proper burial in a church; Galileo was buried in an unmarked grave in the Santa Croce Church in Florence. In 1734, ninety-two years after his death, a request was approved to give Galileo a better burial place, a mausoleum in the church he was originally buried in.25.) Dialogues remained on the Index for 111 years before a censored version was released, in 1744. The censored version was heavily edited, some sections were completely removed. It was finally removed from the Index 202 years later, in 1835.26.) For many years, the Catholic Church continued to deny that the Earth revolved around the Sun. It was only in 1820 that the Church allowed another astronomer, Joseph Settle, to declare the motion of the Earth, as proposed by Copernicus over 200 years ago, as fact. Three hundred and fifty years after Galileo's death, Pope John Paul II said in 1992 “that Galileo suffered unjustly at the hands of the Church and praised Galileo's religiousness and his views and behaviors regarding the relationship between science and religion.”27.)
Copernicus received fairly positive recognition not long after his death. With the exception of his book being placed on the Index, there was little else that affected how people saw him. For some time after his death, he continued to receive praise for his other mathematical works.28.) In other countries, his heliocentric hypothesis was taught in some universities, arguments for and against being taught.29.) However, some were still critical of him. Tolsani wrote that Copernicus took the easy way by delaying publishing his book until he was on his deathbed, effectively escaping from the possible repercussions of the Church.30.) Perhaps Copernicus was right in delaying publication of Revolutions, for he feared the wrath of the Church. Scientists could not be sure that they were safe from criticism and religious persecution.

Galilio

Galileo's Early Life

Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. His father,Vincenzo Galilei , was a musician. Galileo's mother was Giulia degli Ammannati. Galileo was the first of six (though some people believe seven) children. His family belonged to the nobility but was not rich. In the early 1570's, he and his family moved to Florence.

The Pendulum

In 1581, Galileo began studying at the University of Pisa, where his father hoped he would study medicine. While at the University of Pisa, Galileo began his study of the pendulum while, according to legend, he watched a suspended lamp swing back and forth in the cathedral of Pisa. However, it was not until 1602 that Galileo made his most notable discovery about the pendulum - the period (the time in which a pendulum swings back and forth) does not depend on the arc of the swing (the isochronism). Eventually, this discovery would lead to Galileo's further study of time intervals and the development of his idea for a pendulum clock.

On Motion

At the University of Pisa, Galileo learned the physics of the Ancient Greek scientist, Aristotle. However, Galileo questioned the Aristotelian approach to physics. Aristotelians believed that heavier objects fall faster through a medium than lighter ones. Galileo eventually disproved this idea by asserting that all objects, regardless of their density, fall at the same rate in a vacuum. To determine this, Galileo performed various experiments in which he dropped objects from a certain height. In one of his early experiments, he rolled balls down gently sloping inclined plane and then determined their positions after equal time intervals. He wrote down his discoveries about motion in his book, De Motu,which means "On Motion."

Mechanical Devices

In 1592, Galileo was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Padua. While teaching there, he frequently visited a place called the Arsenal, where Venetian ships were docked and loaded. Galileo had always been interested in mechanical devices. Naturally, during his visits to the Arsenal, he became fascinated by nautical technologies, such as the sector and shipbuilding. In 1593, he was presented with the problem involving the placement of oars in galleys. He treated the oar as a lever and correctly made the water the fulcrum. A year later, he patented a model for a pump. His pump was a device that raised water by using only one horse.

Family Life

Galileo was never married. However, he did have a brief relationship with Marina Gamba, a woman he met on one of his many trips to Venice. Marina lived in Galileo's house in Padua where she bore him three children. His two daughters, Virginia and Livia, were both put in convents where they became, respectively, Sister Maria Celeste and Sister Arcangela. In 1610, Galileo moved from Padua to Florence where he took a position at the Court of the Medici family. He left his son, Vincenzio, with Marina Gamba in Padua. In 1613, Marina married Giovanni Bartoluzzi, and Vincenzio joined his father in Florence.

Telescope

Galileo invented many mechanical devices other than the pump, such as the hydrostatic Balance. But perhaps his most famous invention was the telescope. Galileo made his first telescope in 1609, modeled after telescopes produced in other parts of Europe that could magnify objects three times. He created a telescope later that same year that could magnify objects twenty times. With this telescope, he was able to look at the moon, discover the four satellites of Jupiter, observe a supernova, verify the phases of Venus, and discover sunspots. His discoveries proved the Copernican system which states that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun. Prior to the Copernican system, it was held that the universe was geocentric, meaning the sun revolved around the earth.

The Inquisition

Galileo's belief in the Copernican system eventually got him into trouble with the Catholic Church. The Inquisition  was a permanent institution in the Catholic Church charged with the eradication of heresies. A committee of consultants declared to the Inquisition that the Copernican proposition that the Sun is the center of the universe was a heresy. Because Galileo supported the Copernican system, he was warned by Cardinal Bellermine, under order of Pope Paul V, that he should not discuss or defend Copernican theories. In 1624, Galileo was assured by Pope Urban VIII that he could write about Copernican theory as long as he treated it as a mathematical proposition. However, with the printing of Galileo's book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Galileo was called to Rome in 1633 to face the Inquisition again. Galileo was found guilty of heresy for his Dialogue, and was sent to his home near Florence where he was to be under house arrest for the remainder of his life. In 1638, the Inquisition allowed Galileo to move to his home in Florence, so that he could be closer to his doctors. By that time he was totally blind. In 1642, Galileo died at his home outside Florence.

Tomb of Galileo Galilei - Santa Croce Florence

The tomb of Galileo Galilei (d1642) at Santa Croce in Florence was erected in 1737. It was designed by Giulio Foggini and contains a bust of Galileo Galilei (by Giovanni Battista Foggini), and figures representing Astronomy (by Vincenzo Foggini), and Geometry (by Girolamo Ticciati).

When he died in 1642, the Inquisition at first refused to allow his burial on consecrated ground. They later relented, and his patron Grand Duke Ferdinando II planned a large memorial to him, and money was collected for a tomb. HoweverPope Urban VIII refused to allow it to be built and Galileo was buried in an unmarked corner of the church of Santa Croce, and it was some 30 years before any inscription was added to his burial place.

When Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani died in 1703, he left money to build a tomb for both Galileo and himself. The tomb was paid for with additional money from the architect and mathematician Giovan Battista Nelli who was himself a pupil of Viviani. When the tomb was completed in 1737 the remains of both Galileo and Vincenzo were disinterred and placed under it.

List of Intellectual doubters of Darwin's Theory

Introduction: The claim is often made that few or no legitimate scientists or academics have any real doubts about the validity of Darwinism, naturalistic theories of the origins of life, or believe in the real scientific possibility of intelligent design of life or the universe. The purpose of this document is to list individuals of high academic training who have publicly expressed serious doubts about Darwinism, other naturalistic theories of life's origin, or have expressed support for intelligent design theory, either in scientific journals, books, web-documents, letters, or other public statements. Our criteria for this page is that each individual must either 1) have a PhD, 2) be a professor at a university or 3) be moderately published in scientific journals, or 4) is a member of a mainstream scientific society.

As elaborated in the UCSD IDEA Club's Thoughts on "project Steve?", this list is not posted because we are trying to make some ridiculous claim that there are more ID or creationist scientists than evolutionist scientists (there simply aren't), or because we think that should believe as we do because there are supposedly more creationists than evolutionists (belief should be determined by evidence, not popularity).

We merely create this list to refute the notion that no intelligent people question naturalistic theories of origins, and to combat such arguments, as Stephen Weinberg makes, that because evolution is the consensus, evolution, "should be presented to students as the consensus view of science, without any alternatives being presented . The consensus it may be, but when enough intelligent individuals of high academic accomplishments find reason to question evolution, surely there must be more to the story than the one-sided view that most students are taught in school.

We hope the reader would not get the impression that this list tells of all the scientists and other intellectuals who doubt Darwinism. These are only the ones who have been so bold as to risk their academic careers and reputations by publicly expressing doubt. A visit to a simple undergradute evolution class shows that behind the scenes, there are many intellectuals who doubt Darwinism or privately acknowledge problems with naturalistic theories of origins. There may be many others who ought to be on this list, and if you know of others, please do feel free to e-mail us at "info@ideacenter.org". Thanks for reading!

In no particular order----


1. Michael Behe, "Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution" (1996).
2. Robert W. Faid, American Nuclear Society, Nuclear Scientist, author of A scientific approach to Christianity.
3. Michael Denton, medical doctor and molecular biologist, , "Evolution: A Theory in Crisis" (1985).
4. Francis Hitching, "The Neck of the Giraffe: Where Darwin Went Wrong" (1982).
5. Mae-Wan Ho and Peter Saunders, "Beyond Neo-Darwinism" (1984).
6. Soren Lovtrup, "Darwinism: Refutation of a Myth" (1987).
7. Milton R.,
8. Rodney Stark, Professor of Social Sciences at Baylor University, see Fact, Fable and Darwin.
9. Gordon Rattray Taylor, "The Great Evolution Mystery" (1983).
The following scientists (#'s 10-47) stated that "a critical re-evaluation of Darwinism is both necessary and possible"
10. ANDREW BOCARSLY, Ph.D. Chemistry, Princeton University
11. HENRY F. SCHAEFER III, Ph. D. Quantum Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia
12. ROBERT TINNIN, Ph.D Biology, Portland State University
13. Benjamin R. Vowels, Ph.D., Microbiology, UC Davis; formerly employed as Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
14. STEPHEN MEYER (Ph.D. in History & Philosophy of Science University of Cambridge), currently professor of philosophy at Whitworth College.
15. DAVID IVES, Ph.D, Biochemistry, Ohio State University
16. WILLIAM DEMBSKI, Ph.D. Philosophy (University of Illinois at Chicago), Ph.D. Mathematics (University of Chicago)
17. ROBERT KAITA, Ph.D. Plasma Physics, Princeton University
18. FRED SIGWORTH, Ph.D. Physiology, Yale Medical School
19. LEO ZACHARSKI, M.D. Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School
20. DAVID VAN DYKE, Ph. D. Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania
21. ROBERT JENKINS, Ph.D. Biology, Ithaca College
22. ROBERT C. KOONS, Ph.D. Philosophy, UT, Austin
23. GORDON C. MILLS, Ph.D., Biochemistry Emeritus, UT Medical Center, Galveston
24. ROBERT PRUD'HOMME, Ph. D. Chemical Engineering, Princeton University
25. ALVIN PLANTINGA, Ph.D. Philosophy, University of Notre Dame
26. GEORGE LEBO, Ph.D. Astronomy, University of Florida
27. JOHN FANTUZZO, Ph.D. Psychology in Education, University of Pennsylvania
28. WALTER BRADLEY, Ph.D. Chairman, Mechanical Engineering, Texas A & M University
29. DONALD L. EWERT, Ph.D. Molecular Biology, Director of Research Administration, Wistar Institute
30. DOUGLAS LAUFFENBERGER, Ph.D. Cell & Structural Biology, University of Illinois
32. JACK OMDAHL, Ph.D. Biochemistry, University of New Mexico
33. JOSEPH M. MELUCHAMP, Ph.D. Management Science, University of Alabama
34. KIRK LARSEN, Ph.D. Zoology, Miami University (Ohio)
35. PAUL CHIEN, Ph.D. Biology, University of San Francisco
36. WILLIAM SANDINE, Ph.D. Microbiology, Oregon State University
37. H. C. HlNRICHS, Ph. D. Physics, Linfield College
38. WILLIAM STUNTZ, J.D. Law Faculty, University of Virginia
39. CHRIS LITTLER, Ph.D. Physics, N.Texas State University
40. JOHN ANGUS CAMPBELL, Ph.D. Speech Communication, University of Washington
41. T. RICK IRVIN, Ph.D. Institute for Environmental Studies, Louisiana State University
42. DAVID WILCOX, Ph.D. Biology, Eastern College
43. STEPHEN FAWL, Ph.D. Chemistry, Napa Valley College
44. OTTO HELWEG, Ph.D. Civil Engineering, Memphis State University
45. J. GARY EDEN, Ph. D. Elect. & Computer Engineering, University of Illinois
46. H. KEITH MILLER, Ph.D. Biology (ret.), Capital University
47. JOHN COGDELL, Ph.D. Elect. & Computer Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
And others....
48. Brenda Peirson, Associate Professor of Biochemistry at Louisiana College, as seen in her testimony supporting academic freedom to challenge evolution.
49. Caroline Crocker, Ph.D. Immunopharmacology University of Southampton, as seen in Expelled.
50. Murray Eden, former professor of electrical engineering at MIT, sees chance evolution as "highly implausible" as seen in his article "Inadequacies of Neo-Darwinian Evolution as a Scientific Theory" in "Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation", pg. 109.
51. Marcel P. Schutzenberger, Mathematician, Professor at Univ. of Paris, in "Algorithms and the Neo-Darwinian Theory of Evolution" from "Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Intepretation")
52. Pierre P. Grasse in "The Evolution of Living Organisms" (see og, 3m 607m 104-7, 210-11, 244-246)


53. H. S. Lipson, British Physicist (see "A Physicist Looks at Evolution" 31 Physics Bulletin 138, 138 (1980)).
54. EJ Ambrose, "The Nature and Origin of the Biological World" (1982)
55. R. Fondi, Italian paleontologist, in Dopo Darwin: Critica all' Evoluzionismo (1980)
56. G. Sermonti, senior editor of Rivista di Biologia (Biology Forum), professor of genetics at University of Perugia, and former director of the Genetics Institute of the University of Palermo (Italy), see: Dopo Darwin: Critica all' Evoluzionismo (1980)
57. Dr. Colin Patterson (Senior Palaeontologist, British Museum of Natural History, London) as seen in his address to the American Museum of Natural History (Nov. 5, 1981).
58. Chris Mammoliti, chief of the Environmental Services Section of the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, publicly expressed doubts of evolution during the recent Kansas debates and member of the IDnet Board of Directors. 
59. John Baumgardner, (Ph.D. in Geophysics & Space Physics, UCLA) geophysicist at Los Alamos National Laboratory. 
60. Roland F. Hirsch, see his Distinguished Service Award Address for the American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry. 
61. Leith, B. in "The Descent of Darwin: A Handbook of Doubts about Darwinism," Collins: London (1982).
62. Bird, Wendell R., 1991. The Origin of Species Revisited: The Theories of Evolution and Abrupt Appearance. 2 vol. (NY: Philosophical Library). [original copyright 1988, renewed in 1989, 1991]
63. Cohen, I.L., 1984. Darwin was Wrong: A Study in Probabilities. (Greenvale, NY: New Research Publications)
64. Coppedge, James F., 1973. Evolution possible or Impossible?  (Grand Rapids: Zondervan)
65. Davis, P. in Of Pandas and People: The central Question of Biological origins, 2nd ed.(Dallas: Haughton Publishing Co. 1993)
66. Dean H. Kenyon inOf Pandas and People: The central Question of Biological origins, 2nd ed. (Dallas: Haughton Publishing Co. 1993)
67. Kerkut, G. A. 1960. Implications of Evolution. (Elkins Park, PA: Franklin Book Co.)
68. MacBeth, Norman, 1971. Darwin Retried: An Appeal to Reason. (Boston: Gambit.)
69. McCann, Lester J., "Blowing the Whistle on Darwinism". (College of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN)
70. Moorhead, P.S. 1967. Mathematical Challenges to the Neo- Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution. (Philadelphia: Winstar Institute Press.)
71. M. Kaplan, Eds. 1967. Mathematical Challenges to the Neo- Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution. (Philadelphia: Winstar Institute Press.)
72. Spetner, Lee M., 1997. Not a Chance! Shattering the Modern Theory of Evolution. (Brooklyn, NY: Judaica Press.)
73. Sunderland, Luther D., 1988. Darwin's Enigma. (El Cajon, CA: Creation Life Publishers)
74. Wilder-Smith, A. E. (now deceased). Earned doctorates (The first in physical organic chemistry, Reading U. England), master of seven languages, positions included Full Professor of Pharmacology, U. of Bergen Medical School, Norway; Full Professor of Pharmacology, U. of Illinois Medical Center (received 3 Golden Apple awards). See his The Natural Sciences Know Nothing of Evolution. (San Diego, CA: Master Books, 1981).
75. Baum RF. Coming to grips with Darwin. Intercollegiate Review (Fall), p 13-23 (1975)
76. Bethell T. 1976. Darwin's mistake. Harper's Magazine (Feb.), p 70-75
77. Thompson WR. 1958. Introduction to the new centennial edition of The Origin of Species
78. Kurt Wise, Ph.D. Paleontology, Harvard (See The Origin of Life's Major Groups in The Creation Hypothesis)
79. Jonathan Wells, Ph.D. Theology (Yale), Ph.D. Molecular and Developmental biology (Berkeley). See Icons of Evolution.
80. Charles Thaxton, Ph.D. Physical Chemistry (Iowa State University), Department of Natural Sciences, Charles University. See The Mystery of Life's Origin
81. David K. DeWolf (Yale & Stanford), Professor of Law at Gonzaga School of Law in Spokane Washington.
82. Phillip Johnson, PhD., professor of Law at Berkeley. See, for instance, his book, Darwin on trial.
83. Hugh Ross, (Ph.D. in Astronomy University of Toronto). Director of Reasons to believe.
84. Paul Nelson, Ph.D. Philosophy (University of Chicago), see his thesis On Common Descent
85. Mark E. Whalon, Ph.D., now at Michigan State University Center for Integrated Plant Systems, moderator of the Biological evidence for design session.
86. Scott Minnich, Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Idaho.
87. Siegfried Scherer, Ph.D Biology (Univ. of Konstanz, Germany) Professor of Microbial Ecology at Technical University of Munich. See his talk, "Basic Types of Life: Evidence for Design from Taxonomy".
88. David Berlinski, Ph.D. (Mathematics, Princeton University)
89. Wayne Frair, Ph.D. in biochemical taxonomy (Rutgers), Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 
90. Don Batten, PhD (Agronomy and Horticultural Science, University of Sydney).
91. Carl Wieland, MD.
92. Andrew Snelling. PhD Geology University of Sydney.
93. David Catchpoole, PhD. Plant physiologist. 
94. Donald Chittick, Ph.D physical chemistry.
95. Jack Cuozzo, D.D.S. University of Pennsylvania.
96. Henry de Roos, BS and MS - University of Guelph, Education degree - University of Western Ontario.
97. Don DeYoung, Michigan Tech University (B.S., M.S., Physics), Iowa State University (Ph.D., Physics), Grace Seminary (M.Div.).
98. Ted Driggers, Ph.D. in Operations Research (U.C. Berkeley).
99. Alan Galbraith, Ph.D. in watershed science is from Colorado State University.
100. Russell Humphreys, Ph.D. Physics, Louisiana State University.
101. David Menton, Ph.D. in cell biology from Brown University.
102. Gary Parker, B.A. in Biology/Chemistry, M.S. in Biology/Physiology, Ed.D. in Biology/Geology (Ball State University).
103. Jonathan D. Sarfati, Ph.D. in Spectroscopy (Physical Chemistry).
104. Tasman Bruce Walker, Ph.D. mechanical engineering.
105. A.J. Monty White, Ph.D. Chemistry (University of Wales).
106. Steven Austin, PhD Geology (Pennsylvania State University).
107. Ray Bohlin, PhD (University of Texas at Dallas, molecular biology). 
108. Linn E. Carothers, Ph.D., University of Southern California, University Park, 1987.
109. Eugene F. Chaffin, PhD Physics. .
110. Paul Acherman,   PhD (psychology)
111. Thomas Barnes, Physicist (deceased)
112. Aw Swee-Eng, PhD (biochemistry)
113. Jerry Bergman, PhD (biology)
114. Kimberly Berrine, Phd Microbiology & Immunology.
115. Andrew Bosanquet, PhD Biology, Microbiology.
116. David R. Boylan  Ph.D Chemical Engineering (Iowa State University)
117. Larry Butler, PhD (biochemistry)
118. Harold G. Coffin (PhD, Zoology, USC). See his works, Fossils in Focus (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1977) or Origin by Design (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Publishing Assn., 1983).
119. Brown, Robert H. (Ph.D. in Physics) University of Washington, Seattle.
120. Lane P. Lester (PhD, Genetics, Professor of Biology at Emmanuel College).
121. Sigrid Hartwig-Scherer,  Ph.D. in physical anthropology.
122. Mark Armitage,
123. Forrest M. Mims, no science PhD but has published in leading scientific journals, books on electronics, and wrote for Scientific American.
124. Robert A. Herrmann, Professor of Mathematics, United States Naval Academy (Ph. D., Mathematics, 1973, American University).
125. Art Chadwick, Ph.D. (Molecular Biology from University of Miami). 
126. David A. DeWitt, (Dept. of Biology & Chemistry, Liberty University, Lynchburg).
127. William S. Harris, Ph.D. (nutritional biochemistry), Professor of Medicine at the University of Missouri at Kansas City. Member of the IDnet Board of Directors.
128. Jack Cashill, Ph.D., Executive Editor of Ingram's Magazine. Member of the IDnet Board of Directors.
129. Yongsoon Park, Ph.D. (Nutritional Biochemistry), a research scientist at the UMKC School of Medicine and Member of the IDnet Board of Directors.
130. James E. Graham, licensed professional geologist, Senior Program Manager: National Environmental Consulting Firm, Member of the IDnet Board of Directors.
131. Henry Morris, Ph.D. Hydraulic Engineering (Founder and President Emeritus of ICR).
132. Duane T. Gish, Ph.D. (Biochemistry from UC Berkeley). Author of numerous books and widely known as a debater arguing for creationism.
133. John Morris, Ph.D. (Geological Engineering from Univ. of Oklahoma). President of ICR
134. Ken Cumming, Ph.D. Biology (Harvard).
135. Larry Vardiman, Ph.D. Atmospheric Science (Colorado State University).
136. Bert Thompson, Ph.D. Microbiology (Texas A&M).
137. Jay L. Wile, Ph.D. Nuclear Chemistry (University of Rochester in New York).
138. Danny J. Faulkner, Ph.D. in Astronomy (Indiana University), Professor of Astronomy and Physics *University of South Carolina Lancaster).
139. Andrew C. McIntosh, Ph.D. Combustion Theory (Cranefield Institute of Technology).
140. Tom McMullen, Ph.D. History and Philosophy of Science (Indiana University).
141. Fazale Rana, PhD Biochemistry, Ohio University.
142. Joseph A. Mastropaolo, Ph.D. Kinesiology (University of Iowa).
143. David P. Livingston, Jr., Ph.D. Archaeology and Ancient History (Andrews University).
144. John W. Oller, Jr., Ph.D. General Linguistics (University of Rochester, New York). y).
145. Kelly Hollowell, J.D., Ph.D. Mollecular and Cellular Pharmacology (University of Miami).
146. Raul E. Lopez, Ph.D. Atmospheric Science (Colorado State University).
147. Jed Macosko (Ph.D. Chemistry UC Berkeley), Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Molecular Biology, UC Berkeley.
148. Chris Macosko, PhD. Professor of Chemical Engr/Mat Sci at Twin Cities campus of Univ. of Minnesota.
149. Bill Monsma, PhD Ph.D. Physics? (University of Colorado)

151. Edward A. Boudreaux, Ph.D. Chemistry (Tulane University), Former Professor of Physical Chemistry, University of New Orleans.
152. Martin Ehde, Ph.D. Professor of Mathematics.

155. David Rogstad, PhD. physicist at Jet Propulsion Laboratories.
156. George Cleaver, PhD., Ohio State University.

159. Michael Newton Keas, PhD History of Science (University of Oklahoma).
160. Jay Wesley Richards, Ph.D.(honors) in philosophy and theology from Princeton Theological Seminary, where he was formerly a Teaching Fellow.
161. Wade Warren, Professor of Biology at Louisiana College,
162. Francis J. Beckwith, Ph.D. Philosophy (Fordham University), associate professor of Philosophy, Culture & Law at Trinity International Univ.
163. J. Budziszewski, Ph.D. political science (Yale University), associate professor of government and philosophy at Univ. Texas at Austin.
164. Jack Collins, Ph.D. Hebrew language (University of Liverpool, England).
165. Robin Collins, Ph.D. Philosophy (University of Notre Dame).
166. William Lane Craig, PhD philosophy (University of Birmingham, England), Phd Systematic Theology (University of Munich).
167. J. P. Moreland, Ph.D. philosophy (University of Southern California), professor of philosophy at Talbot School of Theology, BIOLA University. See his "The Creation Hypothesis" (Intervarsity Press, 1994).
168. Pattle Pak-Toe Pun, Ph.D. Biology (State University of New York, Buffalo), Professor of Biology at Wheaton College.
169. John Mark Reynolds, Ph.D. philosophy (University of Rochester), Professor at BIOLA University.
170. Wolfgang Smith, Ph.D. mathematics (Columbia University), Prof. Emeritus-Mathematics, Oregon State University. .
171. Richard Weikarth, Ph.D. modern European history (University of Iowa), Assistant Professor of History at California State University, Stanislaus.
172. John G. West, Ph.D. Government (Claremont Graduate School).
173. John Omdahl, Ph.D. Physiology and Biophysics (Univ. of Kentucky), Professor at University of New Mexico. See his, "Origin of Human Language Capacity: in Whose Image?" in "The Creation Hypothesis" (Intervarsity Press, 1994).
174. Del Ratzsch, Ph.D. Philosophy (University of Massachusetts, Amherst).
175. Robert C. Newman, PhD Astrophysics (Cornell University). See his essay, "Artificial Life & Cellular Automata".
176. Arthur Constance, PhD (Anthropology) in "Evolution: An Irrational Faith" in Evolution or Creation? Vol. 4- The Doorway Papers (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1976), 173-74.
177. Robert E.D.Clark (Ph.D. organic Chemistry, Cambridge University). See his, "The Universe: Plan or Accident?" (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1972).
178. Lyle H. Jenson, PhD (some Chemistry field), Professor Emeritus University of Washington. Physical chemist, did pioneering work in X-ray crystallography. He's a great scientist and close relative of an IDEA club Member info@ideacenter.org for contact info.
179. Guy Berthault, Professor of Sedimentology, member of French Geological Society.

181. Maciej Gierttych, Ph.D. (plant physiology), Professor and director of the Genetics Dept. at the Academia de Polonia (in Poland).

183. Frank Salisbury (PhD Caltech, Professor Emeritus in Plant Science at Utah State University). See his "Doubts About the Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution", American Biology Teacher, September 1971, p. 338.
184. Hubert P. Yockey (PhD, Physics UC Berkeley). See his book "Information Theory and Molecular Biology" (1992, Cambridge University Press) or his article "Life on Mars, Did it Come from Earth?"

186. James R. Hofmann, Ph. D. (History and Philosophy of Science, Univ. of Pittsburgh, professor at California State University Fullerton). See his, "Data, Theory, and Evolutionary Phenomena",(vol.17, no.2, pp. 6-9).
187. Philip S. Skell (PhD, Emeritus Evan Pugh Professor of Chemistry, Penn State University, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences).

189. Phillip Bishop (EdD, professor of exercise physiology at the University of Alabama).
190. Robert H. Eckel (M.D.
191. Alexander V. Lalomov, Ph.D. Submarine Geology (USSR National Research Institute of Ocean Geology)
192. Ian Macreadie, Ph.D. Molecular Biology (Monash University in Australia), Adjunct Professor of RMIT University.
193. Lyubka P. Tantcheva, Ph.D. Biochemical Toxicology,

195. John K.G. Kramer, Ph.D. Biochemistry (University of Minnesota).
196. Benjamin Aaron, M.D. Board Member)
197. Alan Gillen, Ed.D. Science Education (University of Houston), M. S. Zoology from Ohio State University.
198. Edmond W. Holroyd, III Ph.D. Atmospheric Science (University of New York at Albany)
199. Todd Wood, Ph.D. Genetics
200. John Meyer, Ph.D. Zoology (Iowa State University).
201. Theodore Rybka, Ph.D. Physics - (University of Oklahoma).
202. William Bauer, Ph.D. Hydraulics (University of Iowa).
203. Edward Blick, Ph.D. Engineering Science (University of Oklahoma).
204. Richard D. Lumsden, Ph.D. Biology (Rice University). Former Professor of Parasitology and Cell Biology and Dean of the Tulane University Graduate School.
205. Donald Hamann, Ph.D. Agricultural Science (Virginia Tech).
207. Joseph Henson, Ph.D. Entomology (Clemson University).
208. John Moore, Ed.D. Biology (Michigan State University).
209. Jean Morton, Ph.D. Cellular Studies (George Washington University).
210. Andre Eggen, Ph.D. Genetics (Federal Institute of Technology).
211. Carl Fliermans Ph.D. Biology (Indiana University).
212. Robert Franks, M.D. (UCLA).
213. Pierre Jerlstrom, Ph.D. Molecular Biology (Griffith University, Australia).
214. George Lindsey, Ed.D. Science Education (East Texas State University).
215. John Marcus, Ph.D. Biochemistry (University of Michigan).
216. George Marshall, Ph.D. Opthalmic Science (University of Glasgow).
217. Joachim Scheven, Ph.D. (Zoologist/Palaeontologist) (University. of Munich).
218. Emil Silvestru, Ph.D. Geology (Babes-Bolyai University, Romania).
219. Bryant Wood, Ph.D. Archaeology (University of Toronto).
220. Patrick Young, Ph.D. Chemistry (Ohio University).
221. Jeremy Walter, Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering (Pennsylvania State University).
222. Ariel Roth, Ph.D. Biology (University of Michigan).
223. John Rankin, Ph.D. Mathematical Physics (University of Adelaide).
224. Bob Hosken, Ph.D. Biochemistry (University of Newcastle).
225. James Allan, Ph.D. Genetics (University of Edinburgh).
226. George Javor, Ph.D. Biochemistry (Columbia University, NY).
227. Dwain Ford, Ph.D. Organic Chemistry (Clark University).
228. Angela Meyer, Ph.D. Horticultural Science (University of Sydney).
229. Stephen Brocott, Ph.D. Organometallic Chemistry (University of Western Australia). 
230. Nancy Darrall, Ph.D. Botany (University of Wales).
231. John Cimbala, Ph.D. Aeronautics (Cal Tech).
232. E Theo Agard, Ph.D. Physics (University of London).
233. Ker Thompson, D.Sc. Geophysics (Colorado School of Mines).
234. Arthur Jones, Ph.D. Biology (University of Birmingham).
235. George Howe, Ph.D. Botany (Ohio State University).
236. D. B. Gower, Ph.D. Biochemistry (University of London).
237. Stephen Taylor, Ph.D. Electrical Engineering (University of Liverpool).
238. Colin Mitchell, Ph.D. Geography (University of Cambridge).
239. Stanley Mumma, Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering (University of Illinois).
240. Evan Jamieson, Ph.D. Hydrometallurgy (Murdoch University).
241. Geoff Downes, Ph.D. Tree Physiology (Univesrity of Melbourne).
242. Wayne Frair, Ph.D. Biochemical Taxonomy (Rutgers University).
243. Sid Cole, Ph.D. Chemistry (University of Newcastle).
244. J.H. John Peet, Ph.D. Photchemistry (Wolverhampton Polytechnic).
245. Benjamin Wiker, PhD. (Now at Franciscan University of Steubenville, Department of Classics and Honors). See his "Moral Darwinism: How We Became Hedonists".
249. Joseph W. Francis, Associate Professor of Biology (Cedarville College, Ohio), Ph.D. Cell Biology (Wayne State). 
250. David Tyler (Ph.D., Management Science, University of Manchester; M.Sc., Physics, Loughborough University).
The following scientists (numbers 251-320) are listed on a list of 100 Scientists   that agree with the statement, "I am skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for Darwinian theory should be encouraged." :
251. Frank Tipler; Prof. of Mathematical Physics, Tulane University.
252. Walter Hearn; PhD Biochemistry-University of Illinois
253. Tony Mega; Assoc. Prof. of Chemistry, Whitworth College
254. Marko Horb; Researcher, Dept. of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
255. Daniel Kubler; Asst. Prof. of Biology, Franciscan University of Steubenville
256. David Keller; Assoc. Prof. of Chemistry, University of New Mexico
257. James Keesling; Prof. of Mathematics, University of Florida
258. Carl Koval; Prof. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder
259. Tony Jelsma; Prof. of Biology, Dordt College
260. Timothy G. Standish; PhD Environmental Biology-George Mason University
261. James Keener; Prof. of Mathematics & Adjunct of Bioengineering, University of Utah
262. Robert J. Marks; Prof. of Signal & Image Processing, University of Washington
263. Carl Poppe; Senior Fellow, Lawrence Livermore Laboratories
264. Gregory Shearer; Internal Medicine, Research, University of California, Davis
265. Joseph Atkinson; PhD Organic Chemistry-M.I.T., American Chemical Society, member
266. Lawrence H. Johnston; Emeritus Prof. of Physics: University of Idaho
267. Theodor Liss; PhD Chemistry-M.I.T.
267. Braxton Alfred; Emeritus Prof. of Anthropology, University of British Columbia
268. Paul D. Brown; Asst. Prof. of Environmental Studies; Trinity Western University (Canada)
269. Marvin Fritzler; Prof. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Medical School
270. Theodore Saito; Project Manager, Lawrence Livermore Laboratories
271. Muzaffar Iqbal; PhD Chemistry-University of Saskatchewan; Center for Theology the Natural Sciences
272. William S. Pelletier; Emeritus Distinguished Prof. of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens
273. Keith Delaplane; Prof. of Entomology, University of Georgia
274. Ken Smith; Prof. of Mathematics, Central Michigan University
275. Clarence Fouche; Prof. of Biology, Virginia Intermont College
276. Thomas Milner; Asst. Prof. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
277. Brian J. Miller; PhD Physics-Duke University
278. Paul Nesselroade; Assoc. Prof. of Psychology, Simpson College
279. Donald F. Calbreath; Prof. of Chemistry, Whitworth College
280. William P. Purcell; PhD Physical Chemistry-Princeton University
281. Wesley Allen; Prof. of Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia
282. Jeanne Drisko; Asst. Prof., Kansas Medical Center, University of Kansas, School of Medicine
282. Chris Grace; Assoc. Prof. of Psychology, Biola University
283. Rosalind Picard; Assoc. Prof. Computer Science, M.I.T.
284. Garrick Little; Senior Scientist, Li-Cor, Li-Cor
285. Martin Poenie; Assoc. Prof. of Molecular Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin
286. Russell W. Carlson; Prof. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia
287. Hugh Nutley; Prof. Emeritus of Physics & Engineering, Seattle Pacific U.
288. John Bloom; Assoc. Prof., Physics, Biola University
289. Fred Skiff; Prof. of Physics, University of Iowa
290. Paul Kuld; Assoc. Prof., Biological Science, Biola University
291. Moorad Alexanian; Prof. of Physics, University of North Carolina, Wilmington
292. Thomas Saleska; Prof. of Biology, Concordia University
293. Ralph W. Seelke; Prof. & Chair of Dept. of Biology & Earth Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Superior
294. James G. Harman; Assoc. Chair, Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University
295. Lennart Moller; Prof. of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, University of Stockholm
296. Michael Atchison; Prof. of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Vet School
297. Rebecca W. Keller; Research Prof., Dept. of Chemistry, University of New Mexico
298. Terry Morrison; PhD Chemistry-Syracuse University
299. Robert F. DeHaan; PhD Human Development-University of Chicago
300. Matti Lesola; Prof., Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology
301. Bruce Evans; Assoc. Prof. of Biology, Huntington College
302. Jim Gibson; PhD Biology-Loma Linda University
303. David Ness; PhD Anthropology-Temple University
304. Bijan Nemati; Senior Engineer, Jet Propulsion Lab (NASA)
305. Stan E. Lennard; Clinical Assoc. Prof. of Surgery, University of Washington
306. Rafe Payne; Prof. & Chair, Biola Dept. of Biological Sciences, Biola University
307. Phillip Savage; Prof. of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan
308. Daniel Dix; Assoc. Prof. of Mathematics, University of South Carolina
309. Ed Karlow; Chair, Dept. of Physics, LaSierra University
310. James Harbrecht; Clinical Assoc. Prof., University of Kansas Medical Center
311. Robert W. Smith; Prof. of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Omaha
312. Robert DiSilvestro; PhD Biochemistry-Texas A & M University
313. David Prentice; Prof., Dept. of Life Sciences, Indiana State University
314. Walt Stangl; Assoc. Prof. of Mathematics, Biola University
315. James Tour; Chao Prof. of Chemistry, Rice University
316. Todd Watson; Asst. Prof. of Urban & Community Forestry, Texas A & M University
317. Robert Waltzer; Assoc. Prof. of Biology, Belhaven College
318. Vincente Villa; Prof. of Biology, Southwestern University
319. Richard Sternberg: Postdoctoral Fellow, Invertebrate Biology: Smithsonian Institute
320. James Tumlin; Assoc. Prof. of Medicine, Emory University
321. David A. Kaufmann, Ph.D. Anatomy, Univ. of Iowa Prof. of Exercise Science, Univ. of Florida (retired).

The following scientists (#'s 399-418) signed a list of scientists, calling themselves "Georgia Scientists for Academic Freedom," sent in an open letter to the Cobb County School Board in Georgia, on September 19, 2002. The scientists agreed with the following statement:

"We are skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for Darwinian theory should be encouraged."

This article contains details and confirmation contact information.
399. Michael A. Covington: University of Georgia: Associate Director, Artificial Intelligence Center: PhD - Linguistics, Yale.
400. Cham E. Dallas: University of Georgia: Professor, Pharmaceutics and Biomedical Sciences, and Director, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program: PhD - Toxicology, University of Texas, Austin.
401. Warren Gilson: University of Georgia: Extension Dairy Scientist and Associate Professor of Dairy Science: PhD - Dairy Science, The Ohio State University.
402. Robert W. Wentworth: University of Georgia: Health and Safety Training Coordinator: PhD - Toxicology, University of Georgia.
403. Russell S. Peak: Georgia Institute of Technology: Senior Researcher, Engineering Information Systems: PhD - Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.
404. Mark D. Geil: Georgia Institute of Technology: Assistant Professor, Applied Physiology: PhD - Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University.
405. Daniel W. Tedder: Georgia Institute of Technology: Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering: PhD - Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin.
406. Dewey H. Hodges: Georgia Institute of Technology: Professor, Aerospace Engineering: PhD - Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, Stanford University.
407. John H. Bordelon: Georgia Institute of Technology: Senior Research Engineer, Electrical Engineering: PhD - Electrical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.
408. Mark G. White: Georgia Institute of Technology: Professor, Chemical Engineering: PhD - Chemical Engineering, Rice University.
409. Nolan E. Hertel: Georgia Institute of Technology: Professor, Nuclear and Radiological Engineering and Health Physics: PhD - Nuclear Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
410. J. Carson Meredith: Georgia Institute of Technology: Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering: PhD - Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin.
411. Rodney D. Ice: Georgia Institute of Technology: Principle Research Scientist and Adjunct Professor, Nuclear and Radiological Engineering and Health Physics: PhD - Radiological Science, Purdue University.
412. Bretta King: Spelman College: Assistant Professor, Chemistry: PhD - Physical Chemistry, Howard University.
413. Gary L. Achtemeier: USDA Forest Service: Director, Southern High-Resolution Modeling Consortium: PhD - Meteorology, Florida State University.
414. Kieran M. Clements: Toccoa Falls College: Assistant Professor, Natural Science: PhD - Entomology, North Carolina State University.
415. Richard M. Austin, Jr.: Piedmont College: Associate Professor, Biology and Chair, Natural Sciences.
416. Leon L. Combs: Kennesaw State University: Professor and Chair, Chemistry and Biochemistry: PhD - Chemical Physics, Louisiana State University.
417. Norman E. Schmidt: Georgia Southern University: Associate Professor, Chemistry: PhD - Chemistry, University of South Carolina.
418. Allison J. Dobson: Georgia Southern University: Assistant Professor, Chemistry: PhD - Chemistry, The Ohio State University.

The above "Georgia Scientists for Academic Freedom" were at the same time backed by the following scientists (#'s 419-445) nationwide. Scientists on this, “A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism”, also agreed to:

"We are skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for Darwinian theory should be encouraged."

This article contains details and confirmation contact information.
419. Chiu, Shing-Yan: Professor of Physiology: University of Wisconsin, Madison: PhD Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington.
420. Notz, William: Professor of Statistics: Ohio State University: PhD Statistics, Cornell University.
421. Schaefer, Dale: PhD Physical Chemistry, Massachusets Institute of Technology.
422. Parnell, Darrell R.: PhD University Level Science Education, Kansas State University.
423. Davis, Melody L.: PhD Chemistry, Princeton University.
424. Reynolds, Dan W.: Research Investigator: GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals: PhD Organic Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin.
425. Johnson, Fred L.: Project Leader in Clinical Research: Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: PhD Pathology, Vanderbilt University.
426. Hunter, Cornelius G.: PhD Biophysics, University of Illinois: Author: “Darwin’s God”.
427. Purdom, Georgia: PhD Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University.
428. Wegner, Gerald S.: PhD Entomology, Loyola University.
429. Kuruvilla, Heather G.: Assitant Professor of Biology: Cedarville University: PhD Biological Sciences, S.U.N.Y at Buffalo.
430. Zuill, Henry: Emeritus Professor of Biology: Union College.
431. Mahan, Donald C.: Professor of Animal Nutrition: Ohio State University.
432. Brejda, John J: PhD Agronomy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
433. Johnson, Jerry D.: Senior Toxicologist: Battelle Institute: PhD Pharmacology & Toxicology, Purdue University.
434. Linton, Alan H.: Emeritus Professor of Bacteriology: University of Bristol.
435. Keil, Douglas L.: Engineering Manager: Lam Research Corporation: PhD Plasma Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
436. Adrian, Neal R.: Principal Investigator, Environmental Science: US Army Research & Development Center: PhD University of Oklahoma, Microbiology.
437. Swanson, Mark B.: PhD Biochemistry, University of Illinois.
438. Everson, William V.: Research Fellow: Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education: PhD Human Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine.
439. Fuller, Mark E.: Research Scientist: Envirogen Inc.: PhD Microbiology, University of California, Davis.
440. Kent, Michael: Research Scientist: Sandia National Labs: PhD Materials Science, University of Minnesota.
441. Kinnaird, Michael G.: Director of R & D: Chemtek, Inc.: PhD Organic Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
442. Line, Peter: Research Officer, Brain Sciences Institute: Swinburne University of Tech: PhD Neuroscience, Swinburne U. of Tech, Australia.
443. Brits, Rudolf: PhD Nuclear Chemistry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
444. Worraker, John William: Senior Software Development Engineer: Hyprotech Uk Ltd.: PhD Applied Mathematics, University of Bristol.
445. Ellmers, Lee: Professor of Physics & Mathematics: Cedarville University: PhD Physics, Syracuse University
The following scientists (#'s 446 - 481) publicly affirmed the following tenets, legitimizing the teaching of intelligent design in the classroom, in a list of "

Fifty-two Ohio Scientists Call for Academic Freedom on Darwin’s Theory

":

To Enhance the Effectiveness of Ohio Science Education, as Scientists … We Affirm:

That biological evolution is an important scientific theory that should be taught in the classroom;

That a quality science education should prepare students to distinguish the data and testable theories of science from religious or philosophical claims that are made in the name of science;

That a science curriculum should help students understand why the subject of biological evolution generates controversy;

That where alternative scientific theories exist in any area of inquiry (such as wave vs. particle theories of light, biological evolution vs. intelligent design, etc.), students should be permitted to learn the evidence for and against them;

That a science curriculum should encourage critical thinking and informed participation in public discussions about biological origins.

We Oppose:

Religious or anti-religious indoctrination in a class specifically dedicated to teaching within the discipline of science;

The censorship of scientific views that may challenge current theories of origins. 446. David Zartman, Ph.D., Genetics & Animal Breeding, The Ohio State University
447. Daniel Kuebler, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Biology, Franciscan University of Steubenville
448. Karl A. Weber, Ph.D., Physical & Theoretical Organic Chemistry
449. Paul Madtes, Jr., Ph.D., Chairman, Biology Department, Mount Vernon Nazarene College
450. W. John Durfee, D.V.M., DACLAM, Director, Veterinary Research Resources, Case Western Reserve University Medical School
451. Stanley A. Watson, Ph.D., Cereal Chemistry, Ohio Agricultural Research & Development Center, The Ohio State University, Retired
452. Mark B. Swanson, Ph.D., Biochemistry
453. Timothy W. Schenz, Ph.D., Physical Chemistry
454. Steven Gollmer, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Physics, Cedarville College
454. Drazen Petrinec, M.D., F.A.C.S., Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine
455. James Menart, Ph.D., Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University
456. Jeffrey Weiland, M.D., College of Medicine, The Ohio State University
457. David A. Johnston, Ph.D., Research Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wright State University
458. George F. Martin, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Anatomy and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University
459. Gregory Ness, DDS, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Ohio State University
460. Leroy Eimers, Ph.D., Professor of Physics and Mathematics, Cedarville College
461. Glen R. Needham, Ph.D., Entomology, The Ohio State University
462. Sherwood G. Talbert, P.E., MSME, Mechanical Engineering
463. Joseph R. McShannic, M.D., F.A.C.S., Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine
464. Mitch Wolff, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wright State University
465. John A. Fink, M.D., F.A.C.S., Associate Professor of Surgery, Northeastern Ohio College of Medicine
466. Pavi Thomas, Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering
467. Donal P. O’Mathuna, Ph.D., Professor of Bioethics and Chemistry, Mount Carmel College of Nursing, Columbus
468. Kimberly Kinateder, Ph.D., Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wright State University
469. Ron Neiswander, M.S., Chemistry, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University
470. Gerald P. Chubb, P.E., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering and Aviation, The Ohio State University
471. Mark D. Foster, Ph.D., Chemical Engineering, The University of Akron
472. Kenneth S. Cada, M.S., Inorganic Chemistry
473. Arthur Dalton, M.D., Assistant Professor of Surgery, Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine
474. William Shulaw, DVM, Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University
475. Robert E. Bailey, Ph.D., Nuclear Engineering, Prof. Emeritus Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
476. Alfred Ciraldo, M.D., Assistant Professor of Surgery, Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine
477. Kim Laurell, DDS, MSD, former Assistant Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University
478. K. David Monson, Ph.D., Analytical Chemistry
479. Henry R. Busby, Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
480. Christopher Boshkos, M.D., Assistant Professor of Medicine, Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine
480. Richard Slemons, DVM, Ph.D., Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University of Physics & Mathematics: Cedarville University: PhD Physics, Syracuse University.